INTONATION

What is INTONATION?

Intonation is crucial for communication. It is about how we say things, rather than what we say, the way the voice rises and falls when speaking, in other words the music of the language. Without intonation, it's impossible to understand the expressions and thoughts that go with words.

It has the following features:

• It's divided into phrases, also known as 'tone-units'.
• The pitch moves up and down, within a 'pitch range'. Everybody has their own pitch range. Languages, too, differ in pitch range. English has particularly wide pitch range.
• In each tone unit, the pitch movement (a rise or fall in tone, or a combination of the two) takes place on the most important syllable known as the 'tonic-syllable'. The tonic-syllable is usually a high-content word, near the end of the unit.
• These patterns of pitch variation are essential to a phrase's meaning. Changing the intonation can completely change the meaning.

Just as words have stressed syllables, sentences have regular patterns of stressed words. In addition, the voice tends to rise, fall or remain flat depending on the meaning or feeling we want to convey (surprise, anger, interest, boredom, gratitude, etc.). Intonation therefore indicates the mood of the speaker. 

There are two basic patterns of intonation in English: falling intonation and rising intonation.

Falling Intonation (➘)

(The pitch of the voice falls at the end of the sentence.)

Falling intonation is the most common intonation pattern in English. It is commonly found in statements, commands, wh-questions (information questions), confirmatory question tags and exclamations.

Statements
- Nice to meet ↘you.
- I’ll be back in a ↘minute.
- She doesn’t live here ↘anymore.
- Dad wants to change his ↘car.

Commands
- Write your name ↘here.
- Show me what you’ve ↘written. 
- Leave it on the ↘desk.
- Take that picture ↘ down.

Wh- questions (requesting information.)
(questions beginning with 'who', 'what', 'why', 'where', 'when', 'which', and 'how')
- What country do you come ↘from?
- Where do you ↘work? 
- Which of them do you ↘prefer?
- When does the shop ↘open?

Questions Tags that are statements requesting confirmation rather than questions. (Not all tag questions are really questions. Some of them merely ask for confirmation or invite agreement, in which case we use a falling tone at the end).
- He thinks he’s so clever, doesn’t ↘he?
- She's such a nuisance, isn't ↘she? 
- I failed the test because I didn't revise, did ↘ I?
- It doesn't seem to bother him much, does ↘ it?

Exclamations
- How nice of ↘ you!
- That's just what I ↘need!
- You don't ↘ say!
- What a beautiful ↘ voice!

Rising Intonation (➚)

(The pitch of the voice rises at the end of a sentence.)

Rising intonation invites the speaker to continue talking. It is normally used with yes/no questions, and question tags that are real questions.

Yes/no Questions

(Questions that can be answered by 'yes' or 'no'.)

- Do you like your new ➚teacher?

- Have you finished ➚already?

- May I borrow your ➚dictionary?

- Do you have any ➚magazines?

Questions tags that show uncertainty and require an answer (real questions).

- We've met already, ➚haven't we?

- You like fish, ➚don't you?

- You're a new student ➚aren't you?

- The view is beautiful, ➚isn't it?

We sometimes use a combination of rising and falling intonation in the same sentence. The combination is called Rise-Fall or Fall-Rise intonation.

Rise-Fall Intonation (➚➘)

(The intonation rises and then falls.)

We use rise-fall intonation for choices, lists, unfinished thoughts and conditional sentences.

Choices (alternative questions.)

- Are you having ➚soup or ➘salad?

- Is John leaving on ➚Thursday or ➘Friday?

- Does he speak ➚German or ➘French?

- Is your name ➚Ava or ➘Eva?

Lists (rising, rising, rising, falling)

Intonation falls on the last item to show that the list is finished.

- We've got ➚apples, pears, bananas and ➘oranges

- The sweater comes in ➚blue, white pink and ➘black

- I like ➚football, tennis, basketball and ➘volleyball.

- I bought ➚a tee-shirt, a skirt and a ➘handbag.

Unfinished thoughts (partial statements)

In the responses to the following questions, the rise-fall intonation indicates reservation. The speaker hesitates to fully express his/her thoughts.

- Do you like my new handbag? Well the ➚leather is ➘nice... ( but I don't like it.)

- What was the meal like? Hmm, the ➚fish was ➘good... (but the rest wasn't great).

- So you both live in Los Angeles? Well ➚Alex ➘does ... (but I don't).

Conditional sentences

(The tone rises in the first clause and falls gradually in the second clause.)

- If he ➚calls, ask him to leave a ➘message.

- Unless he ➚insists, I'm not going to ➘go.

- If you have any ➚problems, just ➘contact us.

Fall-Rise Intonation (➘➚)

(The voice falls and rises usually within one word.

The main function of fall-rise intonation is to show that the speaker is not certain of the answer they are giving to a question, or is reluctant to reply (as opposed to a falling tone used when there is no hesitation). It is also used in polite requests or suggestions.

Hesitation/reluctance:

- So you'd be willing to confirm that? ...Well ... I ➘sup➚pose so ...

- You didn't see him on Monday?   I don't quite ➘re➚member ...

Politeness-Doubt-Uncertainty: (You are not sure what the answer might be.)

- Perhaps we could ➘vis➚it the place?

- Should we ➘cop➚y the list?

- Do you think it's ➘al➚lowed?